1916
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "1916".

Year 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar).

Events of 1916

January

January 1: Claude Monet paints Water Lilies series.

• January 1
  • The Royal Army Medical Corps first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled.
  • Impressionist painter Monet paints Water Lilies series.
• January 5 - Rainmaker Charles Hatfield - begins; it will cause flooding around San Diego, California
• January 8 - Allied forces withdraw from Gallipoli
• January 13/14 - A heavy storm sweeps through the Zuiderzee in the Netherlands, causing extensive damage. This storm helped the Dutch parliament to decide to build the Afsluitdijk and build polders in the current IJsselmeer.
• January 17 - The Professional Golfers Association of America (PGA) is formed
• January 18 - A 611 gram chondrite type meteor struck a house near Baxter, Stone County, Missouri.
• January 23 to January 24 In Browning, Montana, the temperature drops from +6.7°C to -48.8°C (44°F to -56°F) in one day, the greatest change ever on record for a 24-hour period.
• January 24 - In Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad the Supreme Court of the United States upholds the federal income tax
• January 28 - Louis D. Brandeis becomes the first Jew appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States.
• January 29 - World War I: Paris is bombed by German zeppelins for the first time.

February

• February 3 - Parliament buildings in Ottawa, Canada are burned down.
• February 9 - 6.00 p.m. - Tristan Tzara "founds" Dadaism (according to Hans Arp).
• February 11
  • Emma Goldman is arrested for lecturing on birth control.
  • Baltimore Symphony Orchestra presents its first concert.
  • Romanian football club Sportul Studenţesc is founded.
• February 21 - World War I: In France the Battle of Verdun begins.

March

• March 1 - Liberal British Columbia Premier Harlan Carey Brewster term in office ends
• March 6 - Sydney conservatorium of music in Australia accepts first students
• March 8-9 night - Mexican Revolution - Pancho Villa leads 1,500 Mexican raiders in an attack against Columbus, New Mexico, killing 17. Garrison of US 13th Cavalry Regiment fights back and drives them away.
• March 15 - President Woodrow Wilson sends 12,000 United States troops over the U.S.-Mexico border to pursue Pancho Villa; 13th Cavalry regiment enters Mexican territory.
• March 16
  • US 7th and 10th cavalry regiments under John J. Pershing crosses the border to join the hunt of Villa
  • Passenger ferry Sussex torpedoed, resulting in Sussex pledge
• March 19 - First United States air combat mission in history as eight US planes take off in pursuit of Pancho Villa
• March 20 - At the age of 32, Ota Benga built a ceremonial fire, chipped off the caps on his teeth, performed a final tribal dance, and shot himself in the heart with a stolen pistol.
• March 22 - Marriage of Edith Bratt and John Ronald Reuel Tolkien. They would serve as the inspiration for the fictional characters Lúthien and Beren.

April

• April 20 - Chicago Cubs played their first game at Weeghman Park (currently Wrigley Field), defeating the Cincinnati Reds 7-6 in 11 innings
• April 24 - April 30 - Easter Rising in Ireland
• April 27 - Battle of Hulluch in World War I, 47th Brigade, 16th Irish Division decimated in one of the most heavily-concentrated gas attacks of the war
• April - The light switch was invented by William J. Newton and Morris Goldberg

May

• May 5 - United States Marines invade the Dominican Republic.
• May 16 - Britain and France conclude the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement which is to divide Arab areas of the Ottoman Empire following the conclusion of World War I into French and British spheres of influence.
• May 20 - The Saturday Evening Post publishes its first cover with a Norman Rockwell painting ("Boy with Baby Carriage").
• May 21 - Britain initiates daylight saving time.
• May 22 - United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola is decided.
• May 31 - June 1 - Battle of Jutland

June

• June 4 - The Brusilov Offensive, the height of Russian operations in WWI, begins with the breakthrough of Austro-Hungarian lines.
• June 5
  • Louis Brandeis is sworn in as a Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
  • HMS Hampshire sinks off the Orkney Islands, Scotland, with Lord Kitchener aboard
• June 15 - U.S. President Woodrow Wilson signs a bill incorporating the Boy Scouts of America. [1]

July

• July 1 - November 18: More than 1 million soldiers die during The Battle of the Somme including 60,000 casualties for the British Commonwealth on the first day.
• July 1 - July 12: at least one shark mauled five swimmers along 80 miles of New Jersey coastline during the Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916, resulting in four deaths and survival of one youth who required limb amputation. This event was the inspiration for author Peter Benchley, over half a century later, to write Jaws.
• July 2 - Battle of Erzincan
• July 8 - July 16- Massive flooding caused by two different hurricanes devastates Western North Carolina.
• July 15 - In Seattle, Washington, William Boeing incorporates Pacific Aero Products (later renamed Boeing).
• July 22 - In San Francisco, California, a bomb explodes on Market Street during a Preparedness Day parade killing 10 injuring 40. (Warren Billings and Tom Mooney are later wrongly convicted of it)
• July 29 - In Ontario, Canada, a lightning strike ignites a forest fire that destroys the towns of Cochrane and Matheson - 233 dead
• July 30 - German agents cause the Black Tom explosion in Jersey City, New Jersey, an act of sabotage destroying an ammunition depot and killing at least seven people.

August

• August 7 - Portugal joins the allies in the World War I
• August 9 - Lassen Volcanic National Park is established.
• August 25 - President Woodrow Wilson signs legislation creating the National Park Service.
• August 29 - At least 1,000 killed, Chinese steamer ship Hsin Yu capsized off Chinese coast.

September

• September - Bulgaria takes Dobruja from the Romanians.
• September 2 - William Leefe-Robinson becomes the first pilot to shoot down a German airship over Britain.
• September 13 - Mary, a circus elephant, is hanged in the town of Erwin, Tennessee for killing her handler, Walter "Red" Eldridge.
• September 27 - Iyasu is proclaimed deposed as ruler of Ethiopia in a palace coup in favor of his aunt Zauditu.

October

Troops from New Zealand during World War I.

• October 12 - Hipólito Yrigoyen is elected President of Argentina.
• October 14 - The Perm State University was founded in Russia.
• October 16 - Margaret Sanger opens the first U.S. birth control clinic -a forerunner of Planned Parenthood.
• October 27 - Battle of Segale: Negus Mikael, marching on the Ethiopian capital in support of his son Emperor Iyasu, is defeated by Fitawrari Habte Giyorgis, securing the throne for Empress Zauditu.

November

• November 1 - Paul Miliukov delivers in the State Duma the famous "stupidity or treason" speech, precipitating the downfall of the Boris Stürmer government.
• November 5 - Kingdom of Poland proclaimed by joint act of emperors of Germany and Austria
• November 5 - Honan Chapel, Cork, Ireland, a product of the Irish Arts & Crafts Movement(1894-1925), is dedicated.
• November 7
  • Woodrow Wilson defeats Charles E. Hughes in the U.S. presidential election.
  • Republican Jeannette Rankin of Montana becomes the first woman elected to the United States House of Representatives.
• November 13 - Prime Minister of Australia Billy Hughes is expelled from the Labor Party over his support for conscription.
• November 18 - World War I: First Battle of the Somme ends - In France, British Expeditionary Force commander Douglas Haig calls off the battle which started on July 1, 1916.
• November 21 - HMHS Britannic (built in 1911 and launched in 1914), the third and largest Olympic-class ocean liner of the White Star Line, sister ship of RMS Olympic and the legendary RMS Titanic, sank after hitting a mine with the loss of 30 lives.
• November 23 - World War I,Eastern Front: Bucharest, the capital of Romania, is occupied by the troops of the Central Powers.
• November 25 - Friedrich Adler shoots Karl von Stürgkh, Prime Minister of Austria

December

• December - Sopwith Camel aircraft is introduced to combat the German-built Fokker fighter aircraft.
• December 12 - In the Dolomites, an avalanche buries 18,000 Austrian and Italian soldiers.
• December 23 - World War I: Battle of Magdhaba - In the Sinai desert, Australian and New Zealand mounted troops capture the Turkish garrison.
• December 29 - Grigori Rasputin is murdered by two Romanov family members.
• December 30 - Humberto Gómez and his mercenaries seize Arauca in Colombia and declare Republic of Arauca. He proceeds to pillage the region before fleeing to Venezuela
• December 31 - The Hampton Terrace Hotel in North Augusta, South Carolina, one of the largest and most luxurious hotels in the nation at the time, burns to the ground.

Undated

• Rodeo's first side-delivery bucking chute designed and made by the Bascom boys, Raymond, Mel, Earl and their father John W. Bascom at Welling, Alberta Canada
• Cours de linguistique générale by Ferdinand de Saussure is published.
• Summer Olympic Games in Berlin, Germany, are cancelled.
• Food is rationed in Germany.
• Ernst Rüdin publishes his initial results on the genetics of schizophrenia.
• The Netherlands is hit by a North Sea storm that floods lowlands and kills 10.000 people.
• Robert Baden-Powell founds Wolf Cubs scouts in Britain, changed to Cub Scouts in the USA.
• Louis Enricht claims he has a substitute for gasoline
• Gustav Holst composes The Planets, Opus 32
• Bray Studios creates the Farmer Al Falfa series, the first of the Terrytoons.
• Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers is founded.
• The Enrico Parodi sinks while in tow off the The Carracks in Cornwall, England.

Ongoing

• World War I (1914-1918).
• Mexican Revolution.

Fictional

The following are references to year 1916 in fiction:

• Citizen Kane (1941): In this year, Charles Foster Kane runs for New York governor and loses. Also in 1916, Emily Monroe Norton divorces him and, in either this year or in 1917, he marries Susan Alexander.

Births

January-February

• January 3 - Betty Furness, American actress and consumer activist (d. 1994)
• January 3 - Bernard Greenhouse, American cellist
• January 7 - Paul Keres, Estonian chess player (d. 1975)
• January 9 - Peter Twinn, English mathematician and World War II code-breaker (d. 2004)
• January 10 - Sune Bergström, Swedish biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004)
• January 12 - Pieter Willem Botha, President of South Africa (d. 2006)
• January 17 - Peter Frelinghuysen, Jr., American politician
• January 18 - Silviu Brucan, Romanian author and politician (d. 2006)
• January 19 - Harry Huskey, American computer designer
• January 22 - Henri Dutilleux, French composer
• January 24
  • Marvin Creamer, American sailor
  • Rafael Caldera, President of Venezuela
• February 2 - Olaf Pooley, English actor
• February 4 - Shah Maghsoud Sadegh Angha, 41st master of the Oveyssi Sufi order (d. 1980)
• February 9 - Tex Hughson, baseball player (d. 1993)
• February 11
  • Ivan Hristov Bashev, Bulgarian Foreign Minister (d. 1971)
  • Joseph Alioto, Mayor of San Francisco (d. 1998)
• February 14
  • Sally Gray, English actress (d. 2006)
  • Masaki Kobayashi, Japanese film director (d. 1996)
  • Denham Harman, American gerontologist
  • Marcel Bigeard, French military officer
• February 15 - Ernest Millington, English politician
• February 18 - Maria Altmann, Austrian Holocaust survivor and hieress
• February 20 - Jean Erdman, American dancer
• February 23 - Retta Scott, first female Disney animator to be credited on a feature film (d. 1990)
• February 26 - Jackie Gleason, American comedian (d. 1987)
• February 28
  • Svend Asmussen, Danish jazz violinist
  • Cesar Climaco, Filipino politician (d. 1984)
• February 29 - Dinah Shore, American singer (d. 1994)

March-April

• March 3 - Paul Halmos, Hungarian-born mathematician (d. 2006)
• March 4
  • William Alland, American actor, producer, writer and director (d. 1997)
  • Giorgio Bassani, Italian writer (d. 2000)
  • Hans Eysenck, German-born psychologist (d. 1997)
• March 11 - Harold Wilson, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1995)
• March 13
  • John Aspinwall Roosevelt, American businessman and philanthropist (d. 1981)
  • Lindy Boggs, American politician
• March 14 - Horton Foote, American writer
• March 15 - Harry James, American musician and band leader (d. 1983)
• March 17
  • Ray Ellington, British singer (d. 1985)
  • Volodia Teitelboim, Chilean author and politician
• March 19 - Irving Wallace, American novelist (d. 1990)
• March 20 - Pierre Messmer, French politician (d. 2007)
• March 24 - Donald Hamilton, Swedish-born writer (d. 2006)
• March 26 - Christian B. Anfinsen, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1995)
• March 29 - Eugene McCarthy, U.S. Senator from Minnesota and Presidential candidate (d. 2005)
• March 31 - Lucille Bliss, American voice actor
• April 3
  • Peter Gowland, American photographer
  • Herb Caen, American journalist (d. 1997)
• April 5 - Gregory Peck, American actor (d. 2003)
• April 11 - Alberto Ginastera, Argentine composer (d. 1983)
• April 12
  • Beverly Cleary, American author
  • Benjamin Libet, American pioneering scientist in the field of human consciousness (d. 2007)
• April 13 - Phyllis Fraser, American actor and publisher (d. 2006)
• April 15 - Alfred S. Bloomingdale, American department store heir (d. 1982)
• April 18 - José Joaquín Trejos Fernández, President of Costa Rica
• April 22 - Yehudi Menuhin, American-born violinist (d. 1999)
• April 24 - Stanley Kauffmann, American film critic
• April 25 - R.J. Rushdoony, American founder of Christian Reconstructionism (d. 2001)
• April 26
  • Dorothy Salisbury Davis, American writer
  • George Tuska, American comic strip artist
• April 28 - Ferruccio Lamborghini, Italian automobile manufacturer (d. 1993)
• April 30
  • Claude Elwood Shannon, American information theorist (d. 2001)
  • Robert Shaw, American conductor (d. 1999)

May-June

• May 1 - Glenn Ford, American actor (d. 2006)
• May 6 - Robert H. Dicke, American experimental physicist (d. 1997)
• May 8 - Chinmayananda, Indian spiritual leader (d. 1993)
• May 8 - João Havelange, Brazilian industrialist and football league president
• May 10 - Milton Babbitt, American composer
• May 11 - Camilo José Cela, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2002)
• May 14 - Sammy Luftspring, Canadian boxer (d. 2000)
• May 15 - Ephraim Katzir, President of Israel
• May 17 - Lenka Reinerová, Czech writer
• May 20 - Trebisonda Valla, Italian athlete (d. 2006)
• May 20 - Owen Chadwick, British author and historian
• May 21
  • Lydia Mendoza, American musician (d. 2007)
  • Tinus Osendarp, Dutch runner (d. 2002)
  • Harold Robbins, American novelist (d. 1997)
• May 26 - Henriette Roosenburg, Dutch journalist (d. 1972)
• May 31
  • Bert Haanstra, Dutch filmmaker (d. 1997)
  • Bernard Lewis, British historian
• June 4 - Robert F. Furchgott, American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
• June 5 - Eddie Joost, baseball player and manager
• June 8 - Francis Crick, English molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004)
• June 9 - Robert McNamara, U.S. Secretary of Defense
• June 15 - Herbert Simon, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2001)
• June 18 - Julio César Turbay Ayala, Colombian politician (d. 2005)
• June 23
  • Hermann Gmeiner, Austrian educator (d. 1986)
  • Len Hutton, English cricketer (d. 1990)
• June 24 - William B. Saxbe, American politician

July-August

• July 1
  • Olivia de Havilland, Americian actress
  • Lawrence Halprin, American architect
• July 2
  • Hans-Ulrich Rudel, German pilot (d. 1982)
  • Zélia Gattai, Brazilian author and photographer
• July 3 - John Kundla, American basketball coach
• July 4
  • Iva Toguri D'Aquino, "Tokyo Rose" (d. 2006)
  • Fernand Leduc, Canadian painter
• July 8 - Jean Rouverol, American actress, screenwriter, and author
• July 9 - Edward Heath, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 2005)
• July 11
  • Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov, Russian physicist, Nobel laureate (d. 2002)
  • Gough Whitlam, twenty-first Prime Minister of Australia
  • Reg Varney, British actor
• July 14 - Natalia Ginzburg, Italian author (d. 1991)
• July 18 - L. Patrick Gray III, American Federal Bureau of Investigation director (d. 2005)
• July 19 - Phil Cavarretta, baseball player
• July 22
  • Marcel Cerdan, French boxer (d. 1949)
  • Larry Hooper, American singer and musician (d. 1983)
• July 25 - Fred Lasswell, American cartoonist (d. 2001)
• July 27 - Elizabeth Hardwick, American literary critic and novelist (d. 2007)
• July 28 - David Brown, American producer
• July 30 - Dick Wilson, American actor (d. 2007)
• July 31 - Bill Todman, American game show producer (d. 1979)
• August 1 - Fiorenzo Cardinal Angelini, Italian Cardinal
• August 5 - Kermit Love, American puppeter
• August 6 - Dom Mintoff, Prime Minister of Malta
• August 14 - Ralph de Toledano, American conservationist and author (d. 2007)
• August 16 - Iggy Katona, American race car driver (d. 2003)
• August 20 - Paul Felix Schmidt, Estonian chess player (d. 1984)
• August 25
  • Frederick Chapman Robbins, American pediatrician and virologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2003)
  • Van Johnson, American actor
• August 27 - Martha Raye, American actress (d. 1994)
• August 28 - Jack Vance, American writer
• August 29 - Luther Davis, American screenwriter
• August 30 - Shag Crawford, American umpire in Major League Baseball (d. 2007)
• August 31
  • Daniel Schorr, American journalist
  • John S. Wold, American politician

September-October

• September 1
  • Dorothy Cheney, American tennis player
  • Joseph Minish, American politician (d. 2007)
• September 13 - Roald Dahl, Welsh author (d. 1990)
• September 14 - John Heyer, Australian documentary filmmaker (d. 2001)
• September 16 - Frank Leslie Walcott, Barbadian labour leader (d. 1999)
• September 18 - John Jacob Rhodes, American politician and lawyer (d. 2003)
• September 21 - Zinovi Gerdt, Russian actor (d. 1996)
• September 27 - Frank Handlen, American artist
• October 3
  • Shelby Storck, American television producer (d. 1969)
  • James Herriot, Scottish veterinarian and author (d. 1995)
• October 4 - Vitaly Ginzburg, Russian physicist, Nobel laureate
• October 12 - Alice Childress, American actress, playwright, and novelist (d. 1994)
• October 14 - C. Everett Koop, United States Surgeon General
• October 19
  • Jean Dausset, French immunologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
  • Emil Gilels, Ukrainian pianist (d. 1994)
• October 26 - François Mitterrand, President of France (d. 1996)
• October 30 - Leon Day, baseball player (d. 1995)

November-December

• November 1 - John C. Harkness, American architect
• November 4 - Walter Cronkite, American television journalist
• November 5 - Jim Tabor, baseball player (d. 1953)
• November 10 - Louis le Brocquy, Irish painter
• November 11 - Robert Carr, British politician
• November 12 - Rogelio de la Rosa, Filipino actor and politician (d. 1986)
• November 14 - Sherwood Schwartz, American television writer and producer
• November 16 - Daws Butler, American voice actor (d. 1988)
• November 24 - Forrest J. Ackerman, American writer
• November 26 - Gerhard Unger, German tenor
• November 27 - Chick Hearn, American basketball announcer (d. 2002)
• November 28
  • Mary Lilian Baels, queen of Léopold III of Belgium (d. 2002)
  • Ramón José Velásquez, President of Venezuela
• November 29 - Fran Ryan, American actress (d. 2000)
• December 7 - George Russell Weller retired salesman known for the Santa Monica Farmer's Market incident
• December 8 - Richard Fleischer, American film director (d. 2006)
• December 9 - Kirk Douglas, American actor
• December 11 - Dámaso Pérez Prado, Cuban musician (d. 1989)
• December 14 - Shirley Jackson, American writer (d. 1965)
• December 15 - Maurice Wilkins, New Zealand-born physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004)
• December 18
  • Betty Grable, American actress (d. 1973)
  • Douglas Fraser, Scottish-born union leader (d. 2008)
• December 19
  • Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, German political scientist
  • Roy Ward Baker, English film director
  • Jack Agazarian, English World War II spy (d. 1945)
• December 25 - Graciela Naranjo, Venezuelan singer and actress (d. 2001)
• December 27 - Johnny Frigo, American jazz violinist and bassist (d.2007)

Deaths

January - June

• January 4 - Bruce Sloss, Australian footballer (b. 1889)
• January 8 - Rembrandt Bugatti, Italian sculptor (b. 1884)
• January 13 - Victoriano Huerta, President of Mexico (b. 1854)
• February 6 - Rubén Darío, Nicaraguan writer (b. 1867)
• February 12 - Richard Dedekind, German mathematician (b. 1831)
• February 13 - Vilhelm Hammershøi, Danish painter (b. 1864)
• February 19 - Ernst Mach, Austrian physicist and philosopher (b. 1838)
• February 20 - Klas Pontus Arnoldson, Swedish writer and pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1844)
• February 28 - Henry James, American writer (b. 1843)
• March 4 - Franz Marc, German artist (b. 1880)
• March 24 - Enrique Granados, Spanish composer (ship sinking) (b. 1867)
• April 19 - Ephraim Shay, American inventor (b. 1839)
• April 21 - Georges Boillot, French Grand Prix driver (killed in action) (b. 1884)
• May 3 - Padraig Pearse, Irish nationalist (b. 1879)
• May 11 - Max Reger, German composer (b. 1873)
• May 12 - James Connolly, Irish socialist (b. 1868)
• May 13 - Sholom Aleichem, Ukrainian Yiddish writer (b. 1859)
• May 21 - Artúr Görgey, Hungarian military general and politician (b. 1818)
• June 5 - Horatio Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, British field marshal and statesman (b. 1850)
• June 6 - Yuan Shikai, Chinese military official and politician (b. 1859)
• June 29 - Georges Lacombe, French artist (b. 1868)

July - December

• July 6 - Odilon Redon, French painter (b. 1840)
• July 16 - Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Russian microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1845)
• July 23 - Sir William Ramsay, Scottish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1852)
• July 29 - Claude Charles Castleton, Australian VC recipient (killed in battle) (b. 1893)
• August 3 - Sir Roger Casement, Irish nationalist (executed) (b. 1864)
• August 31 - Martha McClellan Brown, American activist (b. 1838)
• September 4 - José Echegaray y Eizaguirre, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1832)
• October 7 - James Whitcomb Riley, American poet (b. 1849)
• October 28 - Cleveland Abbe, American meteorologist (b. 1838)
• October 31 - Charles Taze Russell, American preacher (b. 1852)
• November 9 - Ion Dragalina, Romanian general (killed in action) (b. 1860)
• November 14
  • Henry George, Jr., American politician (b. 1862)
  • Saki, British writer (b. 1870)
• November 15 - Henryk Sienkiewicz, Polish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1846)
• November 21 - Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria (b. 1830)
• November 22 - Jack London, American author (b. 1876)
• November 23 - Lanoe Hawker, British World War I pilot, VC recipient, KIA by The Red Baron, (b.1890)
• November 24 - Hiram Stevens Maxim, American firearms inventor (b. 1840)
• December 28 - Eduard Strauss, Austrian composer (b. 1835)
• December 29 - Grigori Rasputin, Russian mystic (b. 1869)

Nobel Prizes

• Physics - not awarded
• Chemistry - not awarded
• Medicine - not awarded
• Literature - Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam
• Peace - not awarded

Notes

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

1916

• Early Advertising Publications: "Fishing for Suckers" From the American Memory Collection of the Library of Congress

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