1881
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Year 1881 (MDCCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar).

Events of 1881

January - March

• January 16-January 24 - Siege of Geok Tepe: Russian troops under General Mikhail Skobelev defeat the Turkomans.
• January 24 - William Edward Forster, the chief secretary for Ireland, introduces his Coercion Bill; it goes through a long debate before it is accepted February 2.
• January 25 - Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell form the Oriental Telephone Company.
• February 2 - The Parkfield Earthquake occurs.
• February 5 - Phoenix, Arizona is incorporated.
• February 13 - The first issue of the feminist newspaper La Citoyenne is published by Hubertine Auclert.
• February 19 - Kansas becomes the first U.S. state to prohibit all alcoholic beverages.
• March 12 - Andrew Watson makes his Scotland debut as the world's first black international football player.
• March 13 - Alexander II of Russia is killed near his palace when a bomb is thrown at him. He is succeeded by his son, Alexander III.

April - June

• April 11 - Spelman College is established.
• April 14 - The Four Dead in Five Seconds Gunfight erupts in El Paso, Texas.
• April 15 - Temuco, Chile is founded.
• April 21 - The University of Connecticut is founded as the Storrs Agricultural School.
• April 25 - Caulfield Grammar School is founded in Melbourne, Australia.
• April 28 - Billy the Kid escapes from his 2 jailers at the Lincoln County Jail in Mesilla, New Mexico, killing James Bell and Robert Ollinger before stealing a horse and riding out of town.
• May 12 - In North Africa, Tunisia becomes a French protectorate.
• May 21 - The American Red Cross is established by Clara Barton.
• May 21 - The United States Tennis Association is established by a small group of tennis club members.
• June 12 - The U.S.S. Jeannette is crushed in an Arctic Ocean ice pack.

July - September

• July 1 - General Order 70, the culmination of the Cardwell-Childers reforms of the British Army's organization, comes into effect.
• July 2 - James Abram Garfield, President of the United States, is shot by lawyer Charles Julius Guiteau. He survives the shooting but suffers from infection of his wound, dying on September 19.
• July 4 - In Alabama, the Tuskegee Institute opens.
• July 14 - Billy the Kid is shot and killed by Pat Garrett outside Fort Sumner.
• July 20 - Indian Wars: Sioux chief Sitting Bull leads the last of his fugitive people in surrender to United States troops at Fort Buford in Montana.
• August 3 - The Pretoria Convention peace treaty is signed, officially ending the war between the Boers and Britain.
• August 27 - A hurricane hits Florida and the Carolinas, killing about 700.
• September 5 - The Thumb Fire in the U.S. state of Michigan destroys over a million acres (4,000 km²) and kills 282 people.
• September 12 - Francis Howell High School (Howell Institute) in St. Charles, Missouri, and Stephen F. Austin High School in Austin, Texas open on the same day, putting them in a tie for the title of the oldest public high school west of the Mississippi River.
• September 19 - U.S. President James A. Garfield dies eleven weeks after being shot. Vice President Chester Alan Arthur becomes the 21st President of the United States.

October - December

• October 26 - The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral occurs in Tombstone, Cochise County, Arizona, USA.
• October 29 - Judge (U.S. magazine) is first published.
• November 11 - The Clarkson Memorial in Wisbech is completed and unveiled to the public.
• November 19 - A meteorite strikes earth near the village of Großliebenthal, a few kilometers southwest of Odessa, Ukraine.
• December 8 - At least 620 die in a fire at the Ring Theatre, Vienna.
• December 28 - Virgil Earp is ambushed in Tombstone and loses the use of his left arm.

Undated

• New York City's oldest independent school for girls, the Convent of the Sacred Heart New York (91st Street), is founded.
• Edward Rudolf founds the 'Church of England Central Society for Providing Homes for Waifs and Strays' (now The Children's Society).
• The Pali Text Society is founded.
• University College Dublin is established in Ireland.
• The United States National Lawn Tennis Association (USNLTA) is founded, and the first U.S. Tennis Championships are played.
• The League of the Three Emperors is resurrected.
• Some Vatican archives are opened to scholars for the first time.
• Abilene, Texas is founded.
• The Newcastle United F.C. is founded as the Stanley F.C., with a further name change to Newcastle East End F.C. a few months later.
• The Leyton Orient F.C. is founded.
• Minto, North Dakota is founded.
• Rafaela, Argentina is formed.
• Culford School, a public school in Suffolk, United Kingdom, is founded.
• Anti-Semitic pogroms in Southern Russia start.

Births

January - June

• January 1 - Vajiravudh, King of Thailand (d. 1925)
• January 9
  • Lascelles Abercrombie, English poet and critic (d. 1938)
  • Giovanni Papini, Italian essayist, poet, and novelist (d. 1956)
• January 17 - Antoni Lomnicki, Polish mathematician (d. 1941)
• January 31 - Irving Langmuir, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1957)
• February 12 - Anna Pavlova, Russian ballerina (d. 1931)
• March 4
  • Maude Fealy, American stage and film actor (d. 1971)
  • Thomas Sigismund Stribling, American writer (d. 1965)
  • Richard C. Tolman, American mathematical physicist (d. 1948)
• March 9 - Ernest Bevin, British labour leader, politician, and statesman (d. 1951)
• March 10 - Thomas Quinlan (impresario) (d. 1951)
• March 17 - Walter Rudolf Hess, Swiss physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1973)
• March 23
  • Roger Martin du Gard, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)
  • Hermann Staudinger, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1965)
• March 25
  • Béla Bartók, Hungarian composer (d. 1945)
  • Mary Webb, English writer (d. 1927)
• May 14 - G. Murray Hulbert, American politician (d. 1950)
• May 19 - Official birthday of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder and first President of Turkey (d. 1938)
• May 20 - Władysław Sikorski, Polish general and politician (d. 1943)
• June 17 - Tommy Burns, Canadian-born boxer (d. 1955)

July - December

• July 2 - Royal H. Weller, American politician (d. 1929)
• July 4 - Ulysses S. Grant III, American soldier and planner (d. 1968)
• July 27 - Hans Fischer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1945)
• July 30 - Smedley Butler, U.S. general (d. 1940)
• August 6 - Sir Alexander Fleming, Scottish researcher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1955)
• August 12 - Cecil B. DeMille, American film director and producer (d. 1959)
• August 19 - Georges Enescu, Romanian composer (d. 1955)
• August 20 - Edgar Guest, English poet (d. 1959)
• September 5 - Otto Bauer, Austrian Social Democratic politician (d. 1938)
• September 8 - Harry Hillman, American athlete (d. 1945)
• September 16 - Clive Bell, English art critic (d. 1964)
• September 17 - Alfred Francis Blakeney Carpenter, English soldier (d. 1955)
• September 26 - Hiram Wesley Evans, Ku Klux Klan Imperial Wizard (d. 1966)
• October 1 - William Boeing, American engineer and airplane manufacturer (d. 1956)
• October 11 - Hans Kelsen, Austrian legal theorist (d. 1973)
• October 15
  • William Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1944)
  • P. G. Wodehouse, English-born writer (d. 1975)
• October 22 - Clinton Davisson, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)
• October 25 - Pablo Picasso, Spanish painter (d. 1973)
• October 28 - Vin Coutie, Australian footballer
• November 5 - George A. Malcolm, American jurist & educator (d. 1961)
• November 14 - Nicholas Schenck, Russian-born film studio executive (d. 1969)
• November 24 - Al Christie, Canadian-born director and producer (d. 1951)
• November 25 - Pope John XXIII (d. 1963)
• November 28 - Stefan Zweig, Austrian writer (d. 1942)
• December 3 - Henry Fillmore, American composer (d. 1956)
• December 24 - Juan Ramón Jiménez, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)

Deaths

January - June

• January 3 - Anna McNeill Whistler, James Whistler's mother and subject of his painting (b. 1804)
• January 21 - Wilhelm Matthias Naeff, member of the Swiss Federal Council (b. 1802)
• February 5 - Thomas Carlyle, Scottish writer and historian (b. 1795)
• February 9 - Fyodor Dostoevsky, Russian novelist (b. 1821)
• February 14 - Fernando Wood, New York City Mayor (b. 1812)
• March 13 - Czar Alexander II of Russia (b. 1818)
• March 28 - Modest Mussorgsky, Russian composer (b. 1839)
• April 19 - Benjamin Disraeli, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1804)
• May 24 - Samuel Palmer, English artist (b. 1805)
• May 25 - Giuseppe Maria Giulietti, Italian explorer (b. 1847)
• June 6 - Henri Vieuxtemps, Belgian composer (b. 1820)

July - December

• ((July 6)) - (Kate Shelley), railroad heroine who saved the Midnight Express from falling into the Des Moines River in Ogden, Iowa
• July 14 - Billy the Kid, American gunslinger (b. 1859)
• July 17 - Jim Bridger, American explorer and trapper (b. 1804)
• September 7 - Sidney Lanier, American writer (b. 1842)
• September 8 - Prince Frederik of the Netherlands, Dutch noble and general (b. 1797)
• September 19 - James A. Garfield, 20th President of the United States (assassinated) (b. 1831)
• September 22 - Solomon L. Spink, U.S. Congressman from Illinois (b. 1831)
• October 3 - Orson Pratt, American religious leader (b. 1811)
• October 31 - George DeLong, American naval officer and explorer (starvation) (b. 1844)

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1881

See also: Category: 1881 deaths