1554
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Year 1554 was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events of 1554

April 12: Mary of Guise.

January - June

• January 5 - A great fire breaks out in Eindhoven, Netherlands.
• January 25 - São Paulo, Brazil is founded.
• February - Thomas Wyatt surrenders to government forces in London.
• February 12 - After claiming the throne of England the previous year, Lady Jane Grey is beheaded for treason alongside her husband.
• March 17 - Princess Elizabeth is imprisoned in The Tower.
• April 12 - Mary of Guise becomes Regent of Scotland.
• May 21 - A Royal Charter is granted to Derby School at Derby, England.

July - December

August 2: Battle of Marciano in Tuscany.

• July 23 - 25 - Queen Mary I of England marries King Philip of Naples, the only son of Emperor Charles V, in Winchester, England.
• August 2 - Battle of Marciano: Senese-French forces are defeated by the Florentine-Imperial army.
• August 12 - Battle of Renty: French forces led by Francis, Duke of Guise turn back an invasion of Picardy by Charles V.

Undated

• Mikael Agricola becomes the bishop of Turku.
• Saadi conquest the Kingdom of Fez

Births

• January 9 - Pope Gregory XV (d. 1623)
• January 20 - King Sebastian of Portugal (d. 1578)
• March - Richard Hooker, Anglican theologian (d. 1600)
• March 26 - Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne, French military leader (d. 1611)
• April - Stephen Gosson, English satirist (d. 1624)
• May 20 - Paolo Bellasio, Italian composer (d. 1594)
• October 3 - Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke, English poet (d. 1628)
• November 30 - Sir Philip Sidney, English courtier and poet (d. 1586)
• December 19 - Philip William, Prince of Orange (d. 1618)
• date unknown
  • Jacques Bongars, French scholar and diplomat (d. 1612)
  • James Lancaster, English navigator (d. 1618)
  • Walter Raleigh, English writer, poet, and explorer (d. 1618)
  • Francis Throckmorton, English conspirator (d. 1584)

Deaths

• January 1 - Pedro de Valdivia, Spanish conquistador (b. c. 1500)
• January 16 - Christiern Pedersen, Danish humanist (b. c. 1480)
• February 12
  • Lord Guilford Dudley, consort of Lady Jane Grey (executed) (b. 1536)
  • Lady Jane Grey, claimant to the throne of England (executed) (b. 1537)
• February 21 - Hieronymus Bock, German botanist (b. 1498)
• February 23 - Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk, English politician (executed) (b. c.1515)
• March 3 - John Frederick, Elector of Saxony (b. 1503)
• April 11 - Thomas Wyatt the Younger, English rebel (executed) (b. 1521)
• August 25 - Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, English politician (b. 1473)
• September 22 - Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, Spanish conquistador (b. c. 1510)
• December 22 - Alessandro Bonvicino, Italian painter (b. 1498)
• date unknown
  • Leo Africanus, Sudanese writer (b. 1485)
  • Sebastiano Serlio, Italian architect (b. 1475)
  • John Taylor, Bishop of Lincoln (b. 1503)